در گذشته، آبنمـا یکی از اجـــزاء اصلی در مـعـمـاری بناهـای اصیل ایـرانـی به ویژه خـانـه بــاغ های سنتی به شـمـــار میـرفـتـه اسـت.
استفاده از آبنمـا در مناطق مختلف شهر، ماننـد میـادیـن و فضـاهای سبز، یاداور شور زندگانی، حـیات و جریان آوای خوش رودهای روان در دل دشت‌ها و جنگل‌ها هستند.
به این ترتـیب آبـنـمـا علاوه بر ایجـاد جلــوه بصـری منحـصر بفــرد و دل انگـیز در محـیط ، با آوای خـوش تلاطــم خــود، قـادر به زدودن تـنــشها و انـرژی های مـنفی از روح و روان انـسـان میباشـد.
و حس سرخوشی، شــور، هـیجان و شــادی را با خشـم، انـدوه، نگـرانی جایگـزین نمـایـد.
از این رو امروزه در سراسر پهنه بسیاری از مناطق پیشرفته کشورهای دنیا آبنماهایی برای ایجاد شور و شادی و آرامش شهروندان ساخته شدند.
در سالهای گذشته به ویژه از دهه ۲۰ تا ۶۰ خورشیدی شمار بسیاری از میدان‌ها و پارکهای ایران دارای آبنما شده بودند. از جمله میتوان به آبنماهای فریبنده بسیاری از میدان‌های پایتخت اشاره نمود.
آبنماهای میدان آزادی، ولیعصر، صادقیه، پارک شهر ، همچنین میدان فلکه آب مشهد ، فلکه دانشگاه تبریز، میدان نماز شهرری و دیگر نقاط کشور در همین زمان احداث گردیدند.
اما به یکباره ادامه ساخت آبنما در شهرهای ایران از دهه ۶۰ خورشیدی دچار ایستایی شد و هم اینک بسیاری از آبنماهای دیرینه کلانشهرهای کشور زدوده و نابود گردیدند که میتوان به نابودی آبنمای بزرگ میدان ولیعصر تهران و فلکه دانشگاه تبریز اشاره نمود که در پی راه اندازی ایستگاه مـترواز میان برداشته شدند..
در گذشته آبنما و استخـر(یا حوض) در باغ‌های ایران یکی از ضروری‌ترین عناصر تشکیل دهنده خانه باغ محسوب میگردید.
استخر باغ‌های قدیمی دارای عمق زیاد و چندین فواره بودند از جمله استخر باغ بزرگ هزار جریب که در دوره صفویه در اصفهان احداث شد ؛ پانصد فواره داشت.
تاثـیر آب نمـا بر آرامش روح و روان
انسان مجموعه‌ای درهم تنیده از روح و ذهن و جسم است..
همانگونه که جسم آدمی به غذا نیاز دارد؛ ذهن و روح او نیز طالب آرامش است..
در جامعه شهری امروزی که ساختمان‌های بلند و زندگی ماشینی همه مناطق را احاطه نـموده؛ ایجـاد جلوه های زیبا و بکارگیری هــنر، بهترین پناه برای روح خسته و آرامش طلب آدمی محسـوب میگـردد.
امروزه با توجه به اینکه ناچار به استفاده از عناصری با بافت سخت مانند بتن به جای عناصر طبیعی [پوشش گیاهی] هستیم؛ ایجاد محیطی آرام با استفاده از اِلِمان های طبیعت، اثری مثبت بر روح و روان ما خواهد داشت
نمونه بارز آن استفاده از آبـنمــا میباشد.
حرکت و جریان آب بهمراه موسیقی، در جلوه بیشتر فضای سبز نقشی قابل توجه ایفا خواهد نمود.
میتوان آب را به صورت جویبار و چشمه برای نقاط آرام و بی سر و صدا و یا به صورت آبشار و فواره‌های بزرگ برای نقاط پرازدحام و شلوغ طراحی کرد.
استخر، حوض و آب نمــا
حوضچه‌ها یا حوض‌های کم‌عمق که اغلب در آنها فواره‌های متعدد و چراغ‌های رنگین تعبیه میشود به آبنـما معروفـند.
عمق آبنمـا تا ۶۰ سانتیمتر است و برحسب شکل و فرم طراحی، با مصالح ساختمانی مختلف اجرا میگردند. گاهی در کنار آبنما از گلکاری یا جعبه‌های گل استفاده میشود. میتوان مجاور آلاچیق‌ها آبنماهای کوچکی نیز احداث نمود.
اهمیت آبنما در ایران
از سالیان دهه بیست تا واپسین سالهای دهه پنجاه خورشیدی بسیاری از میدان‌های شهرهای بزرگ کشور دارای حوض و استخر مدور همراه با فواره‌های فراوان و آبنماهای طراوت افکن شدند، در بستر میدان‌های اصلی پایتخت (تهران) از دیرباز آبنماهای دل‌انگیزی ساخته شده بود .
از جمله زیباترین آبنماهای طراحی شده مربوط به میدان ولیعصر تهران بود با فواره‌های بسیار بلندی که از صدها متر آن سو تر نمایان میشد.
یا آبنماهای زیبای واقع در میدان ونک، فلکه صادقیه، میدان آزادی، تجریش، هفت حوض، فلکه بازار دوم نازی‌آباد و..
و نیز در کنار میدان ولیعصر تهران و در بین بلوار الیزابت (کشاورز) چشمه ساری جاری بوده که آب آن از رودخانه کرج واقع در مرکز تهران سرچشمه میگرفته، هم‌اکنون در بین کلانشهرهای توسعه یافته شهر تبریز یکی از فقیرترین شهرهای کشور بلحاظ بودش آبنما در پارکها و میدان‌ها میباشد.
به گونه‌ای که از سال ۱۳۸۸ بنابدلایلی پیچیده و بدستور شهردار وقت در وهله نخست آبنمای فرهنگی‌ترین مکان شهر تبریز (فلکه دانشگاه) زدوده شد.
پس از آن تعداد قابل توجهی از میدان‌ها همراه با آبنماهای قدیمی که داشتند نابود شده و هم‌زمان با کوبیده شدن میادین دارای آبنما شهر تبریز، استخر میانی و آبنمای دیرینه پارک عمومی شهر (باغ گلستان) و دیگر پارکهای تبریز نیز از میان برداشته شدند..
انـواع فـواره هـا:
فواره تنها نمایشی از زیبایی آب نیست، بلکه در روزهای خشک و گرم تابستان، رطوبت هوا را افزایش می‌دهد و فضای دلپذیری فراهم میسازد.
خلاف تصور همگان، فواره‌ها الزاماً مصرف‌کننده آب نیستند. میتوان به وسیله یک پمپ شناور، آب استخر یا حوضچه را به گردش درآورد.
فواره‌ها به سه گروه اصلی تقسیم میشوند:
فواره‌های پرتابی Spray
فواره‌های ریزشی Spill
فواره‌های جهنده Splash
در مناطقی که در معرض وزش باد قرار دارند، استفاده از فواره‌های کوتاه و نیرومند مناسب‌تر است.
ارتفاع فواره‌ها نباید بیش از فاصله منبع فواره تا لبه استخر باشد. بر پایه یک قانون تجربی، قطر استخر یا حوضچه آب، باید دست کم دو برابر ارتفاع آب فواره باشد. اگر سر فواره‌ها پایین‌تر از سطح آب تعبیه شود، زیبایی بیشتری خواهند داشت. غیر اینکه از اشکال و مجسمه‌های خاصی برای ایجاد فواره استفاده شود.
برای نمایش فواره‌ها در شب از چراغ‌هایی در زیر محل ریزش آب استفاده می‌کنند که بایستی با اصول نورپردازی در آب مطابقت داشته باشد.
تابش نور از پایین به بالا و تنظیم میزان آن، باعث انعکاس حرکات آب در محوطه اطراف و روی شاخ و برگ گیاهان میشود و زیبایی خاصی به محیط میبخشد.
در صورت وجود گیاهان آبزی یا ماهی در استخر، باید در نصب فواره‌ها دقت شود. برای نیلوفرهای آبی تلاطم سنگین آب مضر خواهد بود. اما اکسیژن فراوان حاصل از آب فواره‌های بلند برای ماهی‌ها مفید و مطلوب است.
دسته بندی آبـنـما هـا
آبــنـمــا مسـتـقــر [static fountain]:
از ساده‌ترین نوع آبنما میباشد که فقط یک حرکت را ایجاد می‌کند و به وسیله پمپ راه اندازی میشود. پایه آبنمای مستقر فواره‌ها میباشد که میتوان بر اساس محیط پیرامونی طراحی و اجرا شود.
آبنــمـا غـیـر مســتقــر [Animated fountain]
آبنمای غیر مستقر بر پایه حرکت آب است که با توجه به تکنولوژی‌های اخیر میتواند به صورت الکتریکی و مکانیکی ساخته شود. حرکت برگشت آب در این نوع آبنما قابل کنترل نیست.
آب نما ها نمایشی از چشمــه و آبشــار است که به صورت مصنوعی در مـحیط خانــه و یا فضا های باز شهری استفـاده میـگــردد و باعث ایجــاد آرامش و زیــبایی در فضــای خانه و لطافت هوای کوهســار در محیط های باز شــهـری میشود..
همچنین آب نـمـا ها نسبت به ابعـاد مـحـیط و سلیقه افــراد با اشــکال و مــتـریــال های مخـتلـف طــراحــی و اجـــراء میگردند.
در واقـع هـزینۀ کـل اجـراء هـر متـرمربـع از یک استخـر، نسبت به ابعـاد بزرگـتر یا کوچکــتر از آن قـابل تـعـمیـم نمـیباشـد..
بطور مثال: چنانچه هزینه تقریبی اجراء از گودبرداری تا مرحله بهره برداری کامـل از یک استخر شنا بهمراه نصب تاسیسات تصفیه و سرامیک؛ با ابعاد 6 * 3 متـر و عمق میانگین 1.7 متر، معـادل 200 میلیون تومان در نظـر گـرفته شود[فـرض]
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